Pakistan, Iran, and China formed a de facto anti-Western axis by the mid-1990s.

Evidence

This development is partly to do with secular versus religious values, partly to do with the historical rivalry between Christendom and Islam, partly to do with jealousy of Western power, partly to do with resentments over Western domination of the postcolonial political structuring of the Middle East, and partly to do with the bitterness and humiliation of the invidious comparison between the accomplishments of Islamic and Western civilizations in the last two centuries. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 570 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Russia, Japan, and India act as swing states between West and challengers.; Russia and China aligned in the 1990s to counter Western power. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 672; Muslim hostility toward the West stems from multiple overlapping sources beyond religion. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 570 (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• Muslim hostility toward the West stems from multiple overlapping sources beyond religion. #complicates (0.72) — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 570
• Dependent countries had to westernize even when resisting the West #complicates (0.71)