Muslim hostility toward the West stems from multiple overlapping sources beyond religion.

Evidence

This development is partly to do with secular versus religious values, partly to do with the historical rivalry between Christendom and Islam, partly to do with jealousy of Western power, partly to do with resentments over Western domination of the postcolonial political structuring of the Middle East, and partly to do with the bitterness and humiliation of the invidious comparison between the accomplishments of Islamic and Western civilizations in the last two centuries. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 570

Categorization

• XREF: Relates to the layered causal account of anti-Western resentment in the Middle East — a complement to economic/structural explanations of extremism.