Ottoman arrival in the Indian Ocean triggered naval rivalry with the Portuguese

Evidence

Their arrival on the Indian Ocean coincided with the coming of the Portuguese, and they soon found themselves committed to a decisive struggle for power in eastern waters. It was naturally to the Ottoman Sultan, as the major Muslim sovereign of the day, that the Muslim rulers of Asia turned for help. The Ottomans made several attempts to give it, the most important of which was the naval expedition of 1537–38, commanded by Khadim Suleyman Pasha. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 594

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broader literature on Portuguese-Indian Ocean rivalry (e.g., G.V. Scammell’s work on European expansion and indigenous responses).