Orientalism began as discourse before hardening into material institutions and state policy.
Evidence
Orientalism was a discourse first, and then the narrative and its attendant ideas gradually morphed into material objects in the form of literature, art, formal state policies, academic disciplines and departments, and most saliently, the very worldview from which state leaders and governments engaged Muslim-majority states and their inhabitants. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 160
Categorization
- XREF: Echoes the discourse-structure-machinery trajectory in Rana’s apparatus analysis and Said’s own ‘discourse’ turn. — connects to: Academic study of Islam only began with Orientalism’s language training; Orientalism reshaping into new policy forms outlifted eroding legal restrictions — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 198; Orientalism functioned as fuel for colonial conquest before American independence. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 162 (+4 more)
- DEFINE: Clarifies how the author understands Orientalism moving from ideas to material form.
- corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 160
Broader Connections
- Orientalism reshaping into new policy forms outlifted eroding legal restrictions
#expands(0.70) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 198 - Orientalism functioned as fuel for colonial conquest before American independence.
#exemplifies(0.60) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 162 - The government sponsored Orientalist conferences to weaponize religion
#exemplifies(0.55) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 226