Muslim women’s bodies serve as visible targets of anti-Muslim profiling.

Evidence

Taken together, these few items of discussion, selected for their merit in demonstrating the breadth of ways in which Muslim women’s bodies are at the center of one dimension of Islamophobic discourse, point to the fact that American Muslims indiscriminately and collectively are perceived as foreign, as a fifth column for terrorists, and as threat to the United States. Women’s bodies, especially those who visibly identify as Muslim through hijab, bear the brunt of a particular kind of visual profiling that can result in verbal assaults, hate crimes, and exclusion, as well as in increased surveillance of their communities, and insults to their religion. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 528

Categorization

• XREF: Directly speaks to the reader’s guiding question about where the problem is relocated onto the fearer’s gaze — the profiling is enacted by looking subjects.