Men express maximum out-group bias when dominance desire meets perceived formidability
Evidence
As was the case with women, it is also important to consider the potential costs incurred by men who use an approach-oriented strategy to dominate sexual rivals of the out-group. It should already be clear that among men, intergroup conflict is a high-risk/high-reward endeavor where the losers often lose their lives. As such, the propensity to engage in such a strategy likely requires more than the basic desire to dominate the men of the out-group; one must also appraise oneself as a formidable opponent. The greatest expressions of out-group bias then should be displayed by men who most strongly desire to dominate the out-group and who also perceive themselves as being best equipped to overcome the steep costs of conflict. — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1265
Categorization
Category: Causal Relationships
Related
- Men’s out-group bias requires perceived fighting ability, not just dominance motives. (similarity 0.93)
- Out-group bias expressions peak where dominance motives meet high self-assessed fighting ability. (similarity 0.93)
- Male dominance motivation targets any group but acts mainly on subordinate out-groups (similarity 0.87)
- Men express more dominance-oriented racism and violent intergroup competition than women (similarity 0.85)
- Sexual selection makes men primary targets and agents of intergroup aggression. (similarity 0.83)
- Aggression toward out-groups is not limited to subordinate-group targets (similarity 0.82)
- Evolution shaped male but not female psychologies for intergroup aggression (similarity 0.82)
- Intergroup aggression targets outgroup men while incorporating outgroup women (similarity 0.81)
- Evolutionary parental investment differences explain men’s competitive and aggressive intergroup behavior (similarity 0.81)
- Out-group hostility among men targets arbitrary status hierarchies, not specific ethnic enemies. (similarity 0.81)
- Men and women hold prejudice toward out-group men for different evolutionary reasons (similarity 0.81)
- Selection shaped male-specific prejudice psychology but not female-specific intergroup aggression (similarity 0.80)
- Men are both primary targets and primary agents of out-group hostility (similarity 0.80)
- Male intrasexual competition extrapolates to explain men’s role in intergroup conflict (similarity 0.80)
- Males do not target outgroup females because females are contested resources, not competitors (similarity 0.80)