Medieval canon law tolerated subject Muslims only under severe restriction

Evidence

Within Christendom, we have seen already, subject Muslims were tolerated. The approach of canon law was sober and careful. The gloss on Gratian required that Jews and Muslims be recognised as neighbours in the evangelical sense. In practice this meant a very restricted freedom. A peaceful prince should not expel Muslims from his lands without cause; nothing inhuman should be done to them; it might even be possible to form alliances with presumably non-subject Muslims, if this were for purposes of defence. These are licences of very limited effect. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 660

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the vault’s Anidjar/Aziz thread on how the Christian legal order constructs Islam as a tolerated-but-contained internal other, establishing a genealogy that predates modern racialization.