Measured case outcomes show race and gender bias across multiple court settings.

Evidence

For example, it has been shown that race and gender of the death row inmates matter regarding which defendants gets their sentence commuted to a life term, and which ones get executed (Argys & Mocan, 2004). Arnold, Dobbie, and Yang (2018) found that bail judges are biased against Black defendants. Rehavi and Starr (2014) reported that Blacks received longer sentences than Whites, all else being equal. Mustard (2001) analyzed federal offenders and found that Black and male defendants received longer sentences. Starr (2015) reported substantial gender disparities in sentence lengths in favor of females in federal criminal cases. Schanzenbach (2005) analyzed case outcomes of offenders sentenced under federal sentencing guidelines, finding that all else equal female defendants received shorter sentences, while the opposite was true for Blacks and Hispanics. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 743

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 743