Mass shootings targeting Muslims constitute the private dimension of Islamophobia

Evidence

Two of them—Razan and Yusor Abu Salha—had been gunned down on account of the same scarf Jihan wrapped around her head every morning. … This massacre was a tragic manifestation of “private Islamophobia.” This dimension encompasses the slurs and bigotry, mob and vigilante violence inflicted on Muslims, or people mistaken to be Muslims, by private individuals and institutions. It is the front of Islamophobia carried forward by the people, who are ordered to “see something, say something,” and relentlessly, through propaganda and law, to do something. — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 339

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the three-dimension model (structural/private/dialectical) the reader will track globally; usable alongside Iftikhar for comparative framing.