Loudness depends on frequency, angle, duration, and envelope, not just level

Evidence

Loudness is the perceptual correlate of sound level. But it is also dependent on frequency, incident angle, the duration of the signal and its temporal envelope. It is one of many psychoacoustic relationships that defy simple descriptions. Yet, one must start somewhere, and so most investigators focused on pure tones in acoustically simple circumstances, like headphone or anechoic listening. — Toole, Floyd E, Sound reproduction- the acoustics and…, 903

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Toole, Floyd E, Sound reproduction- the acoustics and…, 903
• XREF: connects to: The loudness function approaches a vertical asymptote at the 3 dB threshold in quiet; Loudness grows as a power law of physical intensity so relative changes match — Professor Dr.-Ing. Hugo Fastl, Professor Dr.-Ing. Eberhard, Psychoacoustics- Facts and Models, 1262; Loudness is the summed specific loudness across critical-band rates, not the raw spectral level (+17 more)

Broader Connections

• Loudness depends on more than physical sound intensity alone #expands (0.95) — Dijk, Pim van, Physiology, Psychoacoustics and…, 2610
• Hearing forms loudness by integrating sound energy over about 100-200 ms #expands (0.90) — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 1171
• Perceived loudness of time-varying sounds tracks near-peak levels, not averages #exemplifies (0.90)
• Loudness meters use frequency weightings as a compromise because ear response varies with level #exemplifies (0.85)
• Loudness perception is essentially logarithmic #qualifies (0.85) — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 611
• Loudness perception requires a tenfold intensity increase to double #qualifies (0.85) — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 652