Liberalism and syndicalism serve dominant versus still-subaltern groups.

Evidence

The nexus between free-trade ideology and theoretical syndicalism is particularly evident in Italy, where the admiration of syndicalists like Lanzillo & Co. for Pareto is well known. 209 The significance of the two tendencies, however, is very different. The former belongs to a dominant and directive social group; the latter to a group which is still subaltern, which has not yet gained consciousness of its strength, its possibilities, of how it is to develop, and which therefore does not know how to escape from the primitivist phase. — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 699

Categorization

• XREF: Introduces the subaltern/dominant distinction that Islamophobia theory leans on heavily; also marks the inverse where the dominant group’s ideology and the subaltern’s ideology share roots in liberalism. — connects to: Liberal constitutional democracy historically reserved political reality to economically privileged minorities. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 2336