Kenya’s regime only legalized multiparty politics under combined domestic protest and donor aid suspension.

Evidence

The transition to multiparty politics took place in a context of rising inflation and food shortages. In August 1991, a wide coalition of clergy, lawyers, and opposition groups formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), challenging the political and economic state of the country. The government responded with force and arrested several FORD leaders. The internal pressure, combined with donors’ suspension of foreign aid (Kirschke, 2000), led to legalization of multiparty politics in December 1991. — Johan Brosché and Hanne Fjelde and Kristine Höglund, Electoral violence and the legacy of…, 56