Islamophobia fuses religious bigotry, racism, and gender stereotypes

Evidence

Anti-Islamic rhetoric draws upon the repertoire of religious bigotry as well as traditional American racism, but it is given a particular spice by the element of gender and stereotypes about oppressed Muslim women. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 35

Categorization

• DEFINE: Names the composite ingredients — religious bigotry plus racism plus ‘oppressed Muslim woman’ gender tropes — that define Islamophobia’s specific character.
• XREF: Resonates with Said’s orientalism and with Hammer’s chapter on gendered Islamophobia referenced elsewhere in the volume. — connects to: Indicators of Islamophobia vary widely in how directly they reflect underlying attitudes — Erik Bleich, What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is…, 54