Islamophobia’s meaning is sustained through five named modes of operation.

Evidence

If Islamophobia is therefore ideological, then it must operate and function as such, where ideological content – meaning about Muslims and Islam – must be disseminated to the public and private spaces through a vast range of different actions, utterances, images and texts, that must also subsequently be recognised and digested as meaningful by its recipients: both dissemination and reception being as equally important and necessary. To achieve this, the second component of Islamophobia is the ‘modes of operation’ through which meaning is sustained and perpetuated. It is imperative to stress though, that modes of operation are not equitable with the symbolic forms through which Muslims and Islam are either identified or recognised. The modes of operation relevant to Islamophobia therefore include: legitimating, dissimulation, unification, fragmentation and reification, each of which is made up of a range of strategies that contribute to the sustaining and perpetuating of such meaning including: rationalisation, universalisation and narrativisation; displacement, euphemisation and trope; standardisation and the symbolisation of unity; differentiation and the expurgation of the Other; naturalisation, eternalisation and passivisation respectively. — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 902

Categorization

• DEFINE: Sets out five modes of operation — legitimating, dissimulation, unification, fragmentation, reification — with their constituent strategies, forming the core of Allen’s new conceptualisation.
• XREF: connects to: Islamophobic meaning operates through three interlocking functions of phenomenon, sign, and consequence — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 752; Islamophobia’s ideological content is sustained by five distinct modes of operation — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 902; Islamophobia comprises ideology, modes of operation, and exclusionary practices — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 918 (+1 more)

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia’s ideological content is sustained by five distinct modes of operation #corroborates (1.00) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 902
• Thompson’s five modes of ideological operation apply to Islamophobia #expands (0.90) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 843
• Islamophobia comprises ideology, modes of operation, and exclusionary practices #expands (0.85) — Chris Allen, Islamophobia, 918