Individual racial bias scales into systemic bias through high-stakes interactions

Evidence

In this chapter, we focus on race relations between racial majority group members (Whites living in the United States) and minorities who are often the targets of community law enforcement (Blacks living in the United States). We draw on research indicating that racial bias can affect interpersonal interactions, and we propose that racial bias expressed during one-onone encounters has the potential to create systems of racial bias, especially when the one-on-one interactions are high stakes (e.g., between a caller and a 911 dispatcher). — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 264

Categorization

• XREF: Micro-to-macro scale-up of bias parallels the reader’s enemy-construction thesis—individual threat-perception aggregating into institutional structure. — connects to: Unintentional racial microaggressions flow from well-meaning whites who deny their own bias. — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education: Toward Diverse,…, 1254; Racial bias distorts early childhood schooling outcomes for children of color — James D. Kirylo (ed.), Reinventing Pedagogy of the Oppressed:…, 261
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 264