In the nineteenth century nations were equated with races and language groups

Evidence

Through the nineteenth century, the notions of “race,” language, and nationality mingled: nations were thought of as races (as in “Irish race” or “German race”) and races were viewed as language groups. All along, otherness has been an ambivalent notion, a combination of attraction (paradise lost, the appeal of the exotic) and repulsion. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 192

Categorization

• DEFINE: Sharpens the 19th-century conflation of race/nation/language that vault summaries on racialization vs. nationality assumptions rely on.
• XREF: Connects to Omi & Winant’s racial project and the history of how ‘race’ was used to name nations before biological racism hardened.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 192