In 1960s America Islam signified both Black radicalism and foreign menace

Evidence

Cassius Clay evolved into Muhammad Ali. And in doing so embraced a new name and an old faith, Islam, which at the time occupied the mortifying intersection of Black radicalism and foreign menace in the white imagination. — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1055

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the thesis that Islamophobia fused domestic anti-Blackness with foreign-enemy framing — a distinctly American pattern that later chapters contrast against French/Indian treatments. — connects to: Late-1960s empire crisis birthed black criminal and brown terrorist jointly — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 249; American popular perception linked Islam to Black identity and decolonial violence until recent decades — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 199