Impedance rests on mass, stiffness, and friction as the three universal properties of matter

Evidence

Three universal properties of matter figure into impedance: (1) Mass is responsible for resistance to acceleration, as is encoded in Newton’s second law of motion F = ma (force = mass × acceleration). For a given force, acceleration and mass are inversely proportional. (2) Stiffness is responsible for resistance to being stretched or compressed, as encoded in the spring equation F = –kx, where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement. (3) The third universal property is friction. — Eric J. Heller, Why You Hear What You Hear- An…, 85

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines impedance’s physical foundations via Newton’s law, the spring equation, and friction.