Horkheimer was exempted from combat and watched Germany’s collapse from a sanatorium

Evidence

In 1917 Horkheimer was conscripted into the army. Following a medical examination, however, he was listed as `permanently unfit for service’, and was not sent to the front. He observed the collapse of Germany and the November Revolution from a sanatorium bed in Munich. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 172

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Horkheimer’s junior-manager position exempted him from a war he opposed — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 165; Horkheimer experienced wartime collapse from the sidelines, not combat