Horkheimer experienced wartime collapse from the sidelines, not combat

Evidence

In 1917 Horkheimer was conscripted into the army. Following a medical examination, however, he was listed as permanently unfit for service', and was not sent to the front. He observed the collapse of Germany and the November Revolution from a sanatorium bed in Munich. — <cite>Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 172</cite> (#expands`, via linked claim)

When the First World War broke out, Horkheimer had just become junior manager in his father’s business. This saved him for the time being from having to take part in the war, which he had rejected on principle from the start. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 165 (#expands, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Horkheimer was exempted from combat and watched Germany’s collapse from a sanatorium — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 172; Horkheimer’s junior-manager position exempted him from a war he opposed — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 165

Broader Connections

• Horkheimer was exempted from combat and watched Germany’s collapse from a sanatorium #expands (0.95) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 172
• Horkheimer’s junior-manager position exempted him from a war he opposed #expands (0.85) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 165