Foreign-educated Muslim students became vectors of Western ideas in their home countries

Evidence

In the early years of the nineteenth century the first student missions were sent from Egypt, Turkey, and Iran to European schools—at first mainly military, then over the whole range of education. These few hundred students played an important role after their return to their own countries. They were the outriders of a vast army of eager young Muslims who lived for a while in a European city and, as is the way of students, learned more from their fellow-students than from their teachers. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 1090

Categorization

• XREF: The claim that students learned more from fellow-students than teachers — informal peer transmission — complicates straightforward ‘imposition’ models of knowledge transfer; connects to broader debates about how colonial/peripheral elites self-Orientalize.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting…, 1090