Federal withdrawal enabled violent white re-conquest of Southern governance.

Evidence

The federal government turned its back on its financial obligations to four million newly liberated people, and then it left them without protection as well, as white rule was reinstated across the South starting in the 1870s. Federal troops pulled out of the former Confederacy, and white Southerners overthrew biracial governance using violence, coups, and election fraud. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1354

Categorization

• XREF: Coups and election fraud mirror the governance-instability themes in the Milgrom private-judges and Institutions of Impersonal Trust chapters, and the book’s infrastructure-of-origin-stories frame. — connects to: Confederate monument construction spikes track eras of white political reassertion. — Robert P. Jones, White Too Long: The Legacy of White…, 342; Southern constitutional disenfranchisement followed the retreat of federal racial-justice will — Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2062; Southern disfranchisement operated through intertwined legal and violent means to strip black political access — Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s…, 47