Confederate monument construction spikes track eras of white political reassertion.

Evidence

The first [spike] began around 1900, as southern states were enacting Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise African Americans and resegregate society after several decades of integration that followed Reconstruction. It lasted well into the 1920s, a period that also saw a strong revival of the Ku Klux Klan. Many of these monuments were sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The second period began in the mid-1950s and lasted until the late 1960s, the period encompassing the modern civil rights movement. — Robert P. Jones, White Too Long, 342

Categorization

• XREF: Complements the earlier SPLC observation that monuments correlate with white power reassertions; also connects to the reader’s existing knowledge of Jim Crow and civil rights periodization. — connects to: The UDC shifted monuments from honoring the dead to marking living civic space. — Robert P. Jones, White Too Long: The Legacy of White…, 343; Federal withdrawal enabled violent white re-conquest of Southern governance. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 1354; Confederate monuments physically enshrined the lie that black people were unfit for freedom — Eddie S. Glaude Jr., Begin Again: James Baldwin’s America…, 258 (+5 more)

Broader Connections

• Federal withdrawal enabled violent white re-conquest of Southern governance. #exemplifies (0.85) — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1354
• White Southern backlash nullified Reconstruction amendments through law and terror #corroborates (0.85) — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 386
• Confederate monuments physically enshrined the lie that black people were unfit for freedom #expands (0.82) — Eddie S. Glaude Jr., Begin Again, 258
• White charges of Black incompetency followed the stripping of Black political power #exemplifies (0.80) — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 753
• A biased Reconstruction narrative enabled Southern disfranchisement of blacks #corroborates (0.80)
• Congressional intervention could seat Black lawmakers, but white backlash soon dismantled Reconstruction #corroborates (0.78) — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1036
• Racial revolutions bring piecemeal gains that typically trigger new backlashes and subtler exclusions #expands (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 1915