Even the most powerful now are objects without autonomy

Evidence

We cannot here go into the details of the forms in which meta-communication relating to power can be pursued. For our purpose we are mainly interested in seeing that distinguishing between code and process takes the form of a modalizing of communicative acts. This modalizing – and not, for instance, an ability, strength or potential inherent in the power-holder, and also not merely the means at his disposal – forms the basis of the fact that power is effective as a bare possibility, even without engaging the so-called instruments of power. — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 629 (#expands, via linked claim)

The power of the power-holder is greater if he can choose from more and more diverse types of decisions for power-like assertions and it is greater if he can do this in opposition to a partner who himself has more and more diverse alternatives. Power increases with freedom on both sides, and, for example, in any given society, in proportion to the alternatives that society creates. — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 598 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Power operates as modalized possibility rather than actual force or capability — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 629; Power grows with freedom and alternatives on both sides — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 598; Powerholders can weaponize a revolutionary self-image without actual subversion

Broader Connections

• Power operates as modalized possibility rather than actual force or capability #expands (0.80) — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 629
• Powerholders can weaponize a revolutionary self-image without actual subversion #exemplifies (0.75)
• Power grows with freedom and alternatives on both sides #complicates (0.72) — Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power, 598