Either ingroup or outgroup salience alone may suffice to increase social identification.

Evidence

Based on this literature we predict that subtle shifts in social identity will occur to the greatest extent when an ingroup is made salient and an outgroup is also made salient to create an intergroup context (Turner, Oakes, Haslam, & Mc- Garty, 1994). Not all research is uniform in leading to this prediction, however. For example, some studies have shown that mere thought about an outgroup (but not necessarily an ingroup) is sufficient to activate associated social identities and identity-related responses (e.g., McGuire & Padawer-Singer, 1976; Morrison, Fast, & Ybarra, 2009). Findings like this suggest that the presence of an outgroup alone might be sufficient to increase identification with an ingroup. In addition, positive ingroup evaluations can emerge in the absence of an intergroup comparison (Gaertner, Iuzzini, Witt, & Oriña, 2006) and ingroup primes have been shown to be automatically linked to positive affect (Otten & Moskowitz, 2000). Furthermore, ingroup bias appears to be driven by favoritism for an ingroup, not derogation of outgroups (Brewer, 1979, 1999), suggesting that outgroups might not be necessary for ingroup identification. Thus, there is sufficient research in the social identity literature to propose that either the presence of an ingroup alone, or the presence of an outgroup alone, would lead to increased social identification. — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 19

Categorization

• XREF: Directly connects to the reader’s test question on whether group-defense reactions require conscious threat perception at all. — connects to: Outgroup salience boosts conscious ingroup identification when the ingroup is already salient. — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 47; Identification with one’s group is strongest when both ingroup and outgroup are made salient — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 23; Ingroup and outgroup salience combine to maximize identification only when both are activated. — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 39 (+1 more)

Broader Connections

• Identification with one’s group is strongest when both ingroup and outgroup are made salient #complicates (0.90) — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 23
• Ingroup and outgroup salience combine to maximize identification only when both are activated. #contradicts (0.90) — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 39
• Outgroup salience boosts conscious ingroup identification when the ingroup is already salient. #qualifies (0.85) — Brandon Randolph-Seng, Darcy A. Reich, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, On the Nonconscious Antecedents of…, 47
• Experimentally raising a group’s perceived entitativity increases members’ identification with it. #expands (0.72) — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 266