Early Western anti-Islamic polemic may originate from Mozarab converts, not Muslims.

Evidence

Another important work, because it was the greatest single influence upon Ricoldo da Monte Croce, himself extremely influential in the subsequent history of anti- Islamic polemic, not because of its own wide distribution, was the Contrarietas elfolica. This work is known to us only in a poor manuscript of the late sixteenth century, and in its Latin translation by Mark of Toledo, not in any Arabic original; I suggest that it may be, not what it claims to be, the work of a Muslim convert to Christianity, but an exercise by a Mozarab polemist. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 67

Categorization

• QUESTION: The claim that the Contrarietas elfolica is a Mozarab exercise masquerading as a convert’s work is speculative but worth chasing — who were the Mozarab polemists?