Conversion to Islam intensified pre-existing anti-black and anti-immigrant racism against a Black woman

Evidence

The most glaring limitation is my purposeful focus on immigrant Muslims who arrived on US shores after 1965. Although I take into account how the racialization of African American Muslims has shaped the racialization of immigrant Muslims (see chapters 3, 5, and 6), I agree with Sylvia Chan-Malik, and Zain Abdullah that the racialization of African American Muslims is intertwined with the enslavement of Africans, of whom approximately 30 percent were estimated to be Muslim. I also concur with Edward Curtis in his assessment that African American Muslims are racialized as Black first, resulting in their Black identity intersecting with their Muslim identity to create experiences of private and state discrimination uniquely different from those of immigrant Muslims. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 116 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: A woman’s conversion to Islam redirected workplace racism toward her new religious identity — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in…, 848; Anti-black racism and Islamophobia fuse to intensify policing of black Muslims. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 453; Islamophobia against women ties into racism and fear of nonwhite minorities — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 513 (+5 more)

Broader Connections

• African American Muslims are racialized as Black before being seen as Muslim #complicates (0.72) — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 116