Control-oriented policing provokes the hostility it predicts among stopped minorities.

Evidence

By approaching people in a hostile, abrasive, and suspicious manner they may evoke the behaviors they predict. The invoking of authOrity may lead to rebellion against authority. Thus school personnel may help provoke the behavior problems that interfere with their work, particularly if the authority is not regarded as legitimate. A person stopped on suspicion may act with hostility toward the police not because of guilt or intrinsic hostility toward the police, but out of a sense of injustice at being stop~d. When minority or ethnic communities generally regard the police as hostile to their interests this sense of injustice might easily be triggered. — Michael Lipsky, Street-Level Bureaucracy, 905

Categorization

• recurring: this claim recurs 2 times within its source
• XREF: connects to: Ambiguous police stops confirm minorities’ belief that officers are racist; Protection and benevolence can control minority groups more than hostility; Anti-bias interventions can backfire by threatening the group they regulate. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 280 (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Anti-bias interventions can backfire by threatening the group they regulate. #corroborates (0.82) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 280
• Uneven policing creates a self-reinforcing loop that manufactures perceived crime #expands (0.80) — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 1091
• Protection and benevolence can control minority groups more than hostility #complicates (0.75)
• Racial disparities in policing arise from systemic forces, not individual racism #expands (0.75)