Contemporary racism often operates indirectly rather than through overt bigotry.

Evidence

MR. The Modern Racism Scale (MR Scale; McConahay, 1986) contains seven items that assess a form of racism that is indirect and not overtly bigoted (e.g., “Blacks are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights”; 1 strongly agree, 5 strongly disagree; .82). — Sherman A. Lee, Chelsea A. Reid, Stephen D. Short, Jeffrey A. Gibbons, Ruth Yeh, and Matthew L. Campbell, Fear of Muslims, 47

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes ‘modern’ indirect racism from old-fashioned overt bigotry.