Communal and religious loyalties regained ground after pan-Arabism waned.

Evidence

Finally, mention should be made of the steady growth of religious and more specifically communal sentiments, marking a partial reversion to more traditional loyalties. This trend was intensified by the Lebanese civil war of 1975–76, and by the growing weight of Saudi leadership in the Arab world. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 929

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to literature on pan-Arabism’s decline and the rise of identity politics in the post-Nasser era. — connects to: Pan-Arab solidarity required Israel as an external enemy after the imperialist threat receded — Youssef Cherif, Neo-pan-Arabism: a renewed contract of…, 26; Arab political solidarity dissolved once cold war patrons and external enemies receded. — Youssef Cherif, Neo-pan-Arabism: a renewed contract of…, 39; Post-Uprisings Western intervention aimed to replace pan-Arab ideology with neoliberal liberal democracy. — Youssef Cherif, Neo-pan-Arabism: a renewed contract of…, 54