Combined Joint Task Forces permitted non-NATO partners to act and members to abstain.

Evidence

CJTF allows for the first time the possibility (1) for NATO to engage in military action with other international entities and (2) for the nonparticipation of NATO members in alliance-approved military activities. — Robert B. McCalla, NATO’s persistence after the cold war, 28

Categorization

• XREF: Precursor to the open-question format later used in Afghanistan — an early loosening of the Article 5 all-for-one identity. — connects to: High institutionalization distinguishes NATO from traditional alliances. — Robert B. McCalla, NATO’s persistence after the cold war, 107

Broader Connections

• High institutionalization distinguishes NATO from traditional alliances. #expands (0.75) — Robert B. McCalla, NATO’s persistence after the cold war, 107