Classical Muslim jurisprudence categorized Muslims under Christian rule into three involuntary cases

Evidence

The section on this topic, which in law books usually comes in the chapter on jiha¯d, deals with the plight of such a Muslim under three different headings. The first is the involuntary traveller—the Muslim who has the misfortune to be taken prisoner of war, or otherwise captured or enslaved and taken to a Christian country, where he remains under duress. The second case is that of “the infidel in the land of the infidels” who sees the light and embraces Islam, and thus finds himself isolated among unbelievers and alienated from his own kin. The third case, mostly discussed during the reconquest of Spain and Sicily and the brief rule of the Crusaders in the Levant, is that of the Muslim whose homeland is conquered by Christians, and who thus finds himself under Christian rule. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 698

Categorization

• DEFINE: Diagrams the three categories of Muslims living in non-Muslim lands as classical jurists conceived them.