Christians saw Muslims as military threats before religious ones.
Evidence
We ο¬nd the same developments among Spanish dhimmi as among Eastern ones: they initially portray Muslims primarily as military enemies, divine chastisement for Christian sins. Only as more and more Christians convert do Christian authors attack Islam as a religious adversary. β John V. Tolan, Saracens, 430
Categorization
- XREF: Parallels how opponents are read as external military threats before their ideology is engaged β echoes the way the Armada book treats religious crusades as legitimizing frames.
- DEFINE: Defines dhimmi and the two-stage Christian response to Islamic dominion.