Christian travellers imposed a Church-derived clerical grid onto Muslim worship roles.

Evidence

Friar Simon assumed that the mu’adhdhin was a priest or cleric. Thus, too, the informant of the commentator on the Clementinae spoke of two kinds of Islamic ‘clergy’; those who served the mosques, he said, were Foqua, in the singular, Foqui (for fuqaha’ and faqih); they were equivalent to the Christian secular clergy, but were married and lived in the mosques. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1254

Categorization

• XREF: Echoes the vault’s findings that ‘Islam’ gets read through the interpreter’s own religious-political categories, a medieval forerunner of the constructions Aziz and Razack track.