Christian minorities under Muslim empires ran their own schools, courts, and tax levies

Evidence

In the great Muslim empires, when Islam was dom­ inant and the various Christian denominations were tolerated minorities, these minorities enjoyed a large measure of communal autonomy, including the run­ ning of their own educational systems, and even the enforcement of their own laws, insofar as these did not conflict with the basic laws of the state. Their communal authorities exercised real power, with the right to levy taxes, to ad­ judicate disputes, and even to impose punishments on offenders. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 708

Categorization

• XREF: Parallels the private-judge and communal-autonomy mechanisms Milgrom documents in the Champagne Fairs and the diamond bourse — decentralized legal pluralism as a recurring historical pattern.