Choice-based plans preserved segregated schooling while nominally permitting black transfers

Evidence

One method that many of the southern school districts adopted after the 1954 amendment were several forms of choice plans. There were three forms of choice plans: pupil-placement laws, freedom-of-choice plans and “incremental desegregation” plans (Rossell, 4). These plans maintained separate schools, however the blacks were allowed to transfer to the white schools (Orfield 1983, 1). — Marcy Crouch, Magnet Schools and Other Means of…, 16

Categorization

• DEFINE: Draws the technical distinction between pupil-placement laws, freedom-of-choice plans, and incremental desegregation — three named policy mechanisms.
• XREF: Connects to Tokenism and the ‘separate but equal’ line of cases the reader likely tracks from civil rights history.