Both Jews and Muslims have been racialized by majority populations in modern Europe.

Evidence

Second, both phenomena in the modern era have involved significant elements of racism, whether biological or cultural. In other words, both Jews and Muslims have been racialized by majority populations and have suffered significant discrimination and hostility as a result. For this reason, some organizations, such as the European Monitoring Centre for Racism and Xenophobia, have conducted studies that view the challenges of anti-Semitism and Islamophobia as part of the same continuum. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 100

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Europe itself, not only its colonies, has a racist structure.; European anti-Semitism and Islamophobia mirror each other in structure. — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 465; Orientalist scholarship conflates Muslims and Jews into one racial type (+11 more)

Broader Connections

• Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia are parallel projects of majority exclusion #corroborates (0.80) — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 482
• European anti-Semitism and Islamophobia mirror each other in structure. #expands (0.75) — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 465
• Orientalist scholarship conflates Muslims and Jews into one racial type #exemplifies (0.70)
• Cultural traits like language, clothing, and religious practice can racialize a group. #expands (0.70)
• Cultural racism targets Muslims’ beliefs and traditions as if they were inherited essence. #expands (0.70)