Black economic exploitation continues through modern lending and appraisal discrimination.

Evidence

The trifecta of economic exploitation, mass incarceration, and racial violence has followed black Americans well into the twenty-first century. Although the Fair Housing Act of 1968 made redlining illegal, recall the City National Bank settlement. Subprime mortgages target black Americans with higher interest rates even though they qualify for lower interest rates. Appraisals of black homes are less than those for white homes. The economic exploitation of black Americans based solely upon their blackness has never stopped. — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 591

Categorization

• XREF: Serves the reader’s reparations brief: this is load-bearing evidence that racial economic harm is systemic and ongoing, not merely historical.
• ADDENDUM: Extends the saturated-system harm chain central to Brown’s architecture; supports the ‘Grafting & Growth’ theme of persistent structural exclusion.