Binding consultation requires concrete preference-communicating institutions, not rulers’ claims to embody the will.

Evidence

Both consultation and protection require further stipulations. Although many rulers have claimed to embody their people’s will, only governments that have created concrete preference-communicating institutions have also installed binding, effective consultation. In the West, representative assemblies, contested elections, referendums, petitions, courts, and public meetings of the empowered figure most prominently among such institutions; whether polls, discussions in mass media, or special-interest networks qualify in fact or in principle as democratic preference-communicating institutions remain highly controversial. — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 167

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines ‘binding, effective consultation’ against mere claims of embodying the people’s will — a crucial stipulation for judging whether institutional absorption channels contention.
• QUESTION: The reader could test whether constitutional ‘rights defense’ institutions count as preference-communicating institutions for dominant groups specifically.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 167
• XREF: connects to: Judges must justify rulings through legal reasoning rather than personal preference or popular will. — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 2437; Judicial-legislative relations operate as implicit negotiation rather than pure conflict. — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 3539; Commitments must be communicated through evidence, not just words. — Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, 342 (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• Legitimate legal order requires internal assent, not external coercion #corroborates (0.80) — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 351
• Judges must justify rulings through legal reasoning rather than personal preference or popular will. #exemplifies (0.78) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 2437
• Commitments must be communicated through evidence, not just words. #expands (0.74) — Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, 342
• Public hearings are preference tallies, not meaningful deliberation #qualifies (0.74)
• Judicial-legislative relations operate as implicit negotiation rather than pure conflict. #qualifies (0.72) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 3539