Batson reframed extrinsic and intrinsic religion as means and ends orientations

Evidence

A three-dimensional model of ways of being religious proposed by Batson (1976) included two independent dimensions that corresponded conceptually to Allport’s (1966) extrinsic and intrinsic orientations (and were measured principally by the Extrinsic and Intrinsic scales). These dimensions were called religion as means and religion as end, respectively. — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 2543