Balkan independence movements expelled both Muslims and Jews as alien elements

Evidence

When the Orthodox nationalities of the Balkans rose up against their Ottoman imperial masters during the nineteenth century with the goal of establishing their independence from the empire, the process involved the expulsion or extermination of much of the non-Christian population, which was identified as an alien, non-national element. This process of ethnic or religious cleansing was directed primarily against the Muslim population that was concentrated in the towns. Yet it targeted the Jews too, who were also concentrated in the towns and who were, in the eyes of the predominantly peasant and Christian rebels, equally alien and part of the Ottoman presence. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1030 (#expands, via linked claim)

During the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s, which established an independent Greece, over 25,000 Ottoman Muslims may have been killed by the Greek revolutionaries, producing a homogenous Greek Christian population. The Greek rebels also targeted Jews: they eradicated the entire Jewish population of the town of Tripolis in November 1821, involving a death toll that some contemporary sources placed in the thousands. Jews were treated in a similar fashion throughout Greece, so that none were left in the Peloponnese by the end of the war; ‘The sons of Isaac, and the sons of Ishmael, … as on every occasion during the Greek Revolution, met with a common fate’, as one foreign eyewitness wrote in 1831. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1036 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

Thus, when Muslims could no longer be viewed as Islamic Croats and potentially assimilated, they became open to persecution by expansionist Croat nationalism, which switched from Islamophilic to Islamophobic. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1079 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Over twelve million ethnic Germans were expelled from postwar Europe — Sarah Bakewell, At the Existentialist Café: Freedom,…, 1530; Balkan national liberation involved expelling Jews and Muslims as alien elements. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in…, 1030; Balkan nationalists pivoted from antisemitism to pro-Israel anti-Muslim politics — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in…, 1083 (+8 more)

Broader Connections

• Balkan national liberation involved expelling Jews and Muslims as alien elements. #expands (1.00) — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1030
• Greek national independence was achieved by killing or expelling its Muslim and Jewish populations #exemplifies (0.92) — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1036
• Recognition of Muslims as a separate nation triggered Croatian Islamophobia #complicates (0.75) — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 1079