Anti-Muslim racialization is bipartisan, thriving under both Democratic and Republican presidents

Evidence

Racializing Muslims is not a partisan practice but rather one that is motivated by political gain. It is a shared act that occurs in what appear to be liberal cities like Chicago as well as more conservative cities like Dallas and Fort Worth. The Muslim Americans I interviewed had similar encounters in both cities. Many of the experiences I documented happened under the Obama administration—a Democratic one. Policies on national security that target Muslims have not been radically different under a Democratic president compare to a Republican one. Obama did not eliminate the USA PATRIOT Act or stop the hypersurveillance of Muslims; in fact, the surveillance of Muslims thrived under the Obama administration. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 458

Categorization

• XREF: Directly relevant to the reader’s map — surveillance is not a partisan project but an institutionalized state one.