American Islamic institutions were surveilled as potential state threats by the 1930s.

Evidence

By the end of the 1930s, African Americans had formed the institutions that became the public face, or perhaps more accurately from the point of view of the state security agencies, the potentially dangerous face of American Islam. … In the early 1930s, the Bureau feared that the Moorish Science Temple was a potential threat to the state and initiated covert surveillance on this and other Muslim groups. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 390

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the surveillance-of-powerless-groups dynamic seen in other books on intelligence history and on how the fearful subject projects threat onto minorities.