A third of White respondents reject feeling any collective racial guilt.

Evidence

The low mean for White guilt was similar to that found for the student sample (M = 2.25, SD = 1.20, Mdn = 2.00, kurtosis = –.64, skewness = .65). Similar to the average percentage who strongly disagreed with feeling guilt on each item in Study 1, a third of the sample in Study 2 indicated that they strongly disagreed that they felt White guilt. — Janet K. Swim and Deborah L. Miller, White Guilt, 98

Categorization

• QUESTION: For the reader’s stated purpose, the striking floor effect — a third strongly disagreeing — suggests raising identity salience may hit a ceiling of denial rather than guilt; worth probing whether these distributions indicate a bimodal rather than graded construct.
• XREF: connects to: White guilt scores skew low and most Whites deny feeling guilty — Janet K. Swim and Deborah L. Miller, White Guilt: Its Antecedents and…, 53; White Americans largely failed to endorse collective guilt as of 1972 — Janet K. Swim and Deborah L. Miller, White Guilt: Its Antecedents and…, 25

Broader Connections

• White guilt scores skew low and most Whites deny feeling guilty #corroborates (0.95) — Janet K. Swim and Deborah L. Miller, White Guilt, 53
• White Americans largely failed to endorse collective guilt as of 1972 #corroborates (0.85) — Janet K. Swim and Deborah L. Miller, White Guilt, 25