A ninth-century ritual forced Muslim converts to denounce God himself.

Evidence

This formula contained a twenty-two-point condemnation of supposed Islamic doctrines; the strangest of these is the following: … And before all, I [the convert] anathematize the God of Muhammad about whom [Muhammad] says “He is God alone, God made of solid, hammer-beaten metal; He begets and is not begotten, nor is there like unto him any one.” — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 682

Categorization

• QUESTION: Where did Byzantine converts from Islam ‘abjure’ before baptism — was the ritual formula widely public?