Women’s equal work earned half men’s wages across Western countries.

Evidence

In racially segregated work situations black women workers were usually paid a lower wage then white women workers. As there was little if any association between the two groups, black women did not always know of the disparity between their salaries and those of white women. Workers for the New York City study found that most employers refused to pay black women workers as much as white women for doing the same job. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 397 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

Women invariably occupy a position inferior to men, though in some societies, the differential is not great. Women are almost always excluded from the role of headman and usually are ineligible to become shamans or participate in council meetings. (Lenski, 1984, p. 111). — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3177 (#expands, via linked claim)

There are many men who are, like woman, confined within the domain of the intermediary, of inessential means; the worker escapes from it through political action, expressing a revolutionary will; but men from what we precisely call the “middle” class settle in this sphere deliberately; destined like the woman to the repetition of daily tasks, alienated in ready-made values, respecting public opinion, and only seeking vague comforts on earth, the employee, the shopkeeper, and the bureaucrat hold no superiority over their women companions; cooking, washing, running her home, raising her children, the woman shows more initiative and independence than the man enslaved to orders; he must obey his superiors every day, wear a removable collar, and affirm his social rank; she can lie about in a housecoat in her apartment, sing, laugh with her women neighbors; she acts as she pleases, takes small risks, and efficiently tries to attain a few results. — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1767 (#qualifies, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Employers paid black women less than white women for identical work. — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 397; Women’s inferior status relative to men is universal across societies — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3177; Middle-class men are as immanent as women, except women show more initiative — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1767

Broader Connections

• Employers paid black women less than white women for identical work. #exemplifies (0.90) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 397
• Women’s inferior status relative to men is universal across societies #expands (0.80) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3177
• Middle-class men are as immanent as women, except women show more initiative #qualifies (0.75) — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1767