Voluntary African cooperatives were forcibly taken over by colonial administration.

Evidence

Conceived originally as voluntary cooperatives for seed distribution and local credit, the few that existed were taken over by the administration in I 9 I 5. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 1029

Categorization

• XREF: The sociétés de prévoyance prefigure later forced-cultivation and corporatist structures in African economies. — connects to: Displaced Rhodesian settlers justified ownership by erasing prior African agency — Tavengwa Gwekwerere, Davie E. Mutasa, and Kudakwashe Chitofiri, Settlers, Rhodesians, and Supremacists:…, 74