Vienna was simultaneously the seedbed of Nazi antisemitism and fierce socialist resistance

Evidence

Karl Lueger’s mayorship of Vienna before 1914 provided Hitler with his model of mass antisemitic politics; the city was one of the main centres of European social democracy, among whose chief intellectual ornaments were the Austro-Marxists - Rudolph Hilferding, Otto Bauer, Max Adler, Karl Renner and others. Bauer in particular was put to the test by a succession of postwar upheavals — the 1918 Revolution, the police massacre of 15 July 1927 and Dollfuss’s suppression of the Austrian labour movement in February 1934, when Europe witnessed in the working-class quarters of Vienna the first mass armed resistance to fascism. — Alex Callinicos, Against Postmodernism, 203

Categorization

• XREF: Supports the book’s running emphasis on workers’ mass armed resistance (February 1934) as a counter-example to postmodern despair about agency.