US law requires proof of racist intent, not just disparate impact, to win

Evidence

But the courts decided against the plaintiffs, noting, “An intent to discriminate must be demonstrated. Decisions that may appear poorly based to some people are not necessarily unconstitutional or illegal.…” The Supreme Court decided a series of similar cases including Washington v. Davis (1976) and Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp. (1977), each time maintaining that demonstrating a racially disproportionate impact was not enough: to win, complainants must prove an intent to discriminate based on race. — Harriet A. Washington, A Terrible Thing to Waste, 470

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Harriet A. Washington, A Terrible Thing to Waste, 470
• XREF: connects to: Courts dismissed racial motivation in toxic siting despite strong circumstantial evidence — Harriet A. Washington, A Terrible Thing to Waste, 1202; Prior biased policing leaks into race-neutral variables like conviction history — Brian Christian, The Alignment Problem, 296; Since 1976 courts require proof of individual intent to find race discrimination — Luke W. Cole and Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental…, 326 (+3 more)