Turkey’s pro-Western Gulf War stance went unrewarded by Europe

Evidence

Under President Özal’s leadership, Turkey decisively sided with the West in the Gulf War, anticipating that this action would further its membership in the European Community. This consequence did not, however, materialize, and NATO hesitation over what response it would make if Turkey had been attacked by Iraq during that war did not reassure the Turks as to how NATO would respond to a non-Russian threat to their country. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 403

Categorization

• QUESTION: Worth chasing: did the EC’s rejection of Turkey catalyze its turn toward Islamist foreign policy, and how does this fit the broader pattern of civilizations rewarding/rebuffing suitors?